You Have To Be Carefully Taught

An Analysis of Whiteness in Social Work Introductory Textbooks

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18060/28668

Keywords:

Whiteness, social work, race, textbooks, teaching

Abstract

Social work as a profession stresses the importance of social justice, including racial justice. The Council on Social Work Education (2022) includes specific outcome requirements for student competency including integration of anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice. Five introductory social work texts were evaluated to understand how race was discussed as part of the history of the profession. Modeling Alemán’s (2014) approach to analyzing race talk in communications curriculum, I applied the themes of normalization, individualism, negation and distorted racism to an analysis of the texts. Results indicate the presence of all four themes. If the profession aims to prepare students to engage in antiracist practices, it needs to utilize curriculum that includes accurate and inclusive historical accounting of the profession. This should include histories of the profession that utilize critical Whiteness studies to guide the deconstruction of White centered ideals.

References

Aguilar, J. P., & Counselman-Carpenter, E. (2021). ‘The mirage of action: Exploring the social work professions’ perpetuation of White supremacy through ‘well-intentioned’ actions. Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), 1020-1044. https://doi.org/10.18060/24400

Alemán, S. M. (2014). Locating Whiteness in journalism pedagogy. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 31(1), 72-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2013.808355

Absolon, K. (2019). Decolonizing education and educator’s decolonizing. Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Policy, and Practice, 7(1), 9-28. https://doi.org/10.48336/IJUFBE8541

Aranda, M. P. (2001). The development of the Latino social work profession in Los Angeles. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(2), 254-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973150101100212

Bell, J. (2014). The Black Power movement and American social work (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231162609.001.0001

BlackDeer, A., & Gandarilla Ocampo, M. (2022). #socialworksoWhite: A critical perspective on settler colonialism, White supremacy, and social justice in social work. Advances in Social Work, 22(2), 720-740. https://doi.org/10.18060/24986

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2021). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America (Sixth ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.

Brady, S., Sawyer, J. M., & Perkins, N. H. (2019). Debunking the myth of the ‘radical profession’: Analysing and overcoming our professional history to create new pathways and opportunities for social work. Critical and Radical Social Work, 7(3), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1332/204986019x15668424193408

Brown, S., Johnson, Z., & Miller, S. E. (2019). Racial microaggressions and Black social work students: A call to social work educators for proactive models informed by social justice. Social Work Education, 38(5), 618-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2019.1594754

Burghardt, S. (2020). The end of social work: A defense of the social worker in times of transformation. Cognella Academic.

Bussey, S. (2020). Imperialism through virtuous helping: Baldwin's innocence and implications for clinical social work practice. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 31(3), 192-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2019.1617016

Carlton-LaNey, I. (1999). African American social work pioneers' response to need. Social Work, 44(4), 311-321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/44.4.311

Carlton-Laney, I., & Carlton Alexander, S. (2001). Early African American social welfare pioneer women: Working to empower the race and the community. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 10(2), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1300/j051v10n02_05

Champagne, L., & Fisher, R. (2023). Social work's blame game: Blackness, neoliberalism, and the profession’s turn away from organizing. In L. Abrams, S. Edmonds Crewe, A. J. Dettlaff, & J. H. Williams (Eds.), Social work, White supremacy, and racial justice: Reckoning with our history, interrogating our present, reimagining our future (pp. 382-396). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641422.003.0021

Council on Social Work Education [CSWE]. (2022). 2022 educational policies and accreditation standards (EPAS) frequently asked questions [PDF]. Author. https://www.cswe.org/getmedia/67a67f0b-839e-420d-8cea-d919f9e6ca3a/2022-EPAS-FAQS.pdf

Cox, L. E., Tice, C. J., & Long, D. D. (2021). Introduction to social work: An advocacy-based profession (Social work in the new century) (3rd ed.). Sage.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.

Dove, L. (2023). Imagining a new world through Afrofuturism: A response to racism within the social work profession. In L. Abrams, S. Edmonds Crewe, A. J. Dettlaff, & J. H. Williams (Eds.), Social work, White supremacy, and racial justice: Reckoning with our history, interrogating our present, reimagining our future (pp. 424-439). Oxford University. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641422.003.0023

Dumbrill, G. C., & Green, J. (2008). Indigenous knowledge in the social work academy. Social Work Education, 27(5), 489-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470701379891

Elkassem, S., & Murray-Lichtman, A. (2022). Mapping an integrative critical race and anti-colonial theoretical framework in social work practice. Advances in Social Work, 22(2), 628-646. https://doi.org/10.18060/24952

Feize, L., & Gonzalez, J. (2018). A model of cultural competency in social work as seen through the lens of self-awareness. Social Work Education, 37(4), 472-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2017.1423049

Foste, Z., & Irwin, L. (2020). Applying critical Whiteness studies in college student development theory and research. Journal of College Student Development, 61(4), 439-455. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0050

Garner, S. (2007). Whiteness: An introduction. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203945599

Gary, R. B., & Gary, L. E. (1994). The history of social work education for Black people 1900-1930. The journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 21(1), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.2109

Gillani, B., BlackDeer, A., & Cohen, F. (2023). Remedying the foundation of social work education: Toward an actionable antiracist pedagogy. In L. Abrams, S. Edmonds Crewe, A. J. Dettlaff, & J. H. Williams (Eds.), Social work, White supremacy, and racial justice: Reckoning with our history, interrogating our present, reimagining our future (pp. 762-780). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641422.003.0041

Giesler, M. A., & Beadlescomb, T. (2015). Elevated or erased? A content analysis of the portrayal of men in introduction to social work textbooks. The Journal of Men's Studies, 23(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060826515582486

Glicken, M. D. (2010). Chapter 2: A brief history of social work: From the English poor laws to the progressive policies of President Barack Obama. In Social work in the 21st century: An introduction to social welfare, social issues, and the profession (2nd ed., pp. 22-36). Sage.

Goodrick, E., & Reay, T. (2009). Florence nightingale endures: Legitimizing a new professional role identity. Journal of Management Studies, 47(1), 55-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00860.x

Gregory, J. R. (2020). Social work as a product and project of Whiteness, 1607-1900. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 32(1), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2020.1730143

Gregory, J. R. (2021). Toward a historically accountable critical Whiteness curriculum for social work. Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), 616-635. https://doi.org/10.18060/24094

Harty, J. S. (2023). Epilogue. In L. Abrams, S. Edmonds Crewe, A. J. Dettlaff, & J. H. Williams (Eds.), Social work, White supremacy, and racial justice: Reckoning with our history, interrogating our present, reimagining our future (pp. 781-790). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641422.003.0042

Howard, S. (2017). Social work in the Black community: A collective response to contemporary unrest. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 44(1). https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.3819

Jones, J., & Haynes, C. D. (2023). Institutional racism in the child welfare system: A social justice issue. In L. Abrams, S. Edmonds Crewe, A. J. Dettlaff, & J. H. Williams (Eds.), Social work, White supremacy, and racial justice: Reckoning with our history, interrogating our present, reimagining our future (pp. 188-199). Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641422.003.0010

Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2016). Empowerment series: Introduction to social work & social welfare: Critical thinking perspectives (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Kohli, H. K., Huber, R., & Faul, A. C. (2010). Historical and theoretical development of culturally competent social work practice. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 30(3), 252-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2010.499091

Leonardo, Z. (2013). Race frameworks: A multidimensional theory of racism and education (Multicultural education series). Teachers College Press.

Lerner, J. (2021). Social work the 'White way': Helping White students self-reflect on a culture of Whiteness in the classroom and beyond. Social Work Education, 41(4), 605-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1868422

Lipsitz, G. (2018). The possessive investment in Whiteness: How White people profit from identity politics (20th anniv. ed.). Temple University Press.

Loewen, J. W. (2018). Lies my teacher told me: Everything your American history textbook got wrong (Reprint ed.). The New Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.26193071

Lynch, B. (2022). Moving from dialogue to demonstration: Assessing anti-racist practice in social work education utilizing simulation. Social Work Education, 43(2), 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2022.2098946

Matias, C. E. (2022). Towards a Black Whiteness studies: A response to the growing field. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 36, 1431-1441. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2022.2025482

Mora, A. S., Greer, C. D., Hunter, J., & Gutiérrez, L. (2022). Social work faculty attitudes towards diversity and oppression content in MSW curricula. Social Work Education, 43, 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2022.2130233

Nakayama, T. K., & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81(3), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335639509384117

National Association of Social Workers. (2021). Code of ethics. Author. https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English

Puentes, J., & Gougherty, M. (2012). Intersections of gender, race, and class in introductory textbooks. Teaching Sociology, 41(2), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055x12455527

Segal, E. A., Gerdes, K. E., & Steiner, S. (2019). Empowerment series: An introduction to the profession of social work (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Stevenson, A. P., Alexander, K. P., Thomas, K., Richardson, S., Turnage, B., Clarke, A., & Wood, Z. (2022). Shamed into action?: The historical avoidance of pursuing antiracist educational policies and content in social work education. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 42(2-3), 247-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2022.2058675

Strier, R., Feldman, G., & Shdaimah, C. (2012). The construction of social class in social work education: A study of introductory textbooks. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 32(4), 406-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2012.667753

Tamburro, A. (2013). Including decolonization in social work education and practice. Journal of Indigenous Social Development, 2(1), 1-16. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Including-Decolonization-in-Social-Work-Education-Tamburro/2c1f1d0081c9f7e81fce90a007ec4ef82ab82192

Tillotson, E., Smith, S., & Brewer Current, C. (2021). We are what we read: Assessing bias in the implicit curriculum of a social work program. Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.18060/24064

Urquidez, A. G. (2022). White individualism and the problem of White co-optation of the term "racism". Radical Philosophy Review, 25(2), 161-190. https://doi.org/10.5840/radphilrev2022117124

Varghese, R. (2016). Teaching to transform? Addressing race and racism in the teaching of clinical social work practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 52(sup1), S134-S147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2016.1174646

Wachholz, S., & Mullaly, B. (2001). The politics of the textbook. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 11(2), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1300/j059v11n02_04

Whitaker, T. R. (2023). Calling out racism in social work: Why we should and why we don't. In L. Abrams, S. E. Crewe, A. J. Detlaff, & J. H. Williams (Eds.), Social work, White supremacy, and racial justice: Reckoning with our history, interrogating our present, reimagining our future (pp. 231-242). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641422.003.0012

Wright, K. C., Carr, K. A., & Akkin, B. A. (2021). Whitewashing of social work history: How dismantling racism in social work education begins with an equitable history of the profession. Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), 274-297. https://doi.org/10.18060/23946

Yacovone, D. (2022). Teaching White supremacy: America's democratic ordeal and the forging of our national identity. Pantheon.

Yee, J. (2016). A paradox of social change: How the quest for liberation reproduces dominance in higher education and the field of social work. Social Work Education, 35(5), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2016.1170113

Zastrow, C., & Hessenauer, S. L. (2016). Empowerment series: Introduction to social work and social welfare: Empowering people (12th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Downloads

Published

2026-09-21